References
LEAKY GUT PANEL
Alessio Fasano.Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation,Autoimmunity, and Cancer.
This review talks about the increased interest in the role of a “leaky gut” in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions targeting both the intestine and extra intestinal organs.
Silvia Pedreira et.al. Significance of smooth muscle/anti-actin autoantibodies in celiac disease.
The study evaluates the clinical relevance of the presence of IgA type anti-actin antibody (AAA) and SMA in 92 adult patient with celiac disease. The results indicted the presence of increased IgA AAA serum levels is a highly sensitive marker of the disturbed architecture of intestinal epithelial cells of CD patients also the presence of SMA seems to define a distinct subset of CD patients with a more severe clinical outcome.
Melanie Uhde, Mary et. al. Intestinal cell damage and systemic immune activation in individuals reporting sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease.
The study aims to determine if sensitivity to wheat in the absence of coeliac disease is associated with systemic immune activation that may be linked to an enteropathy.
WHEAT GERM PANEL
Karin de Punder and Leo Pruimboom. The Dietary Intake of Wheat and other Cereal Grains and Their Role in Inflammation.
This review states the evidence from in vitro, in vivo and human intervention studies that describe how the consumption of wheat, other cereal grains, can contribute to the manifestation of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases by increasing intestinal permeability and initiating a pro-inflammatory immune response.
L M Sollid, J Kolberg, H Scott, J Ek, O Fausa, and P Brandtzaeg. Antibodies to wheat germ agglutinin in coeliac disease.
The study shows the celiac patients have significantly higher Serum IgG and IgA antibodies to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) compared to the control group. Thus adding WGA as a potential biomarker for pathogenesis of CD.
GLIADIN PANEL
Alessio Fasano.Zonulin and Its Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function: The Biological Door to Inflammation,Autoimmunity, and Cancer.
This review talks about the increased interest in the role of a “leaky gut” in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions targeting both the intestine and extra intestinal organs.
Luca Elli, Federica Branchi, Carolina Tomba, Danilo Villalta, Lorenzo Norsa, Francesca Ferretti, Leda Roncoroni,and Maria Teresa Bardella. Diagnosis of gluten related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
The review article covers a complete overview of celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity and its current clinical diagnosis.
Chirdo FG, Rumbo M, Carabajal P, Mavromatópulos E, Castagnino N, Añón MC, Fossati CA. Determination of anti–gliadin antibodies in serologic tests for coeliac disease.
The study compromised of 105 coeliac patients, 81 healthy controls, and 73 subjects in a disease control group to evaluate the efficacy of omega-gliadins to be a useful antigen in serologic detection of coeliac disease.
Aristo Vojdani .The Characterization of the Repertoire of Wheat Antigens and Peptides Involved in the Humoral Immune Responses in Patients with Gluten Sensitivity and Crohn’s Disease.
The study examines the humoral immune response to various wheat proteins and peptides in patients with gluten sensitivity or Crohn’s disease. In gluten-sensitive patients, IgG reacted most against transglutaminase, prodynorphin, wheat extract, and -, -, and -gliadin; IgA reacted most against wheat then transglutaminase, glutenin, and other peptides. In Crohn’s disease patients, IgG reacted most against wheat and wheat germ agglutinin then transglutaminase, prodynorphin, -, and -gliadin; IgA reacted foremost against prodynorphin then transglutaminase and -gliadin.
GLUTENIN PANEL
G Salcedo, S Quirce, A Diaz-Perales. Wheat Allergens Associated with Baker’s Asthma.
This review deals with the current diagnosis and immunomodulatory treatments, as well as the role of wheat allergens as molecular tools to enhance management and knowledge of Baker’s Astma.
Frances M Dupont et.al. Deciphering the complexities of the wheat flour proteome using quantitative twodimensional electrophoresis, three proteases and tandem mass spectrometry.
The study of wheat genome to identify the majority of abundant flour proteins for a single wheat cultivar, relate them to individual gene sequences and estimate their relative levels.
NON GLUTEN WHEAT PANEL
SinaHuebener et. al. Specific Nongluten Proteins of Wheat are Novel Target Antigens in Celiac Disease Humoral Response.
The study aims to investigate the level and molecular specificity of antibody response to wheat non gluten proteins in celiac disease. The results demonstrate that, in addition to the well-recognized immune reaction to gluten, celiac disease is associated with a robust humoral response directed at a specific subset of the no gluten proteins of wheat.
TRANSGLUTAMINASE PANEL
Timo Reunala, Teea T. Salmi and KaisaHervonen. Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Pathognomonic Transglutaminase IgA Deposits in the Skin and Excellent Prognosis on a Gluten-free Diet.
The study shows the coeliac disease in the gut appears to be a result of the IgA Epidermal transglutaminase antibody complexes aggregated into DH skin.
Hull CM, Liddle M, Hansen N, Meyer LJ, Schmidt L, Taylor T, Jaskowski TD, Hill HR, Zone JJ. Elevation of IgAanti-epidermal transglutaminase antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis.
The study to determine the association between Dermatitis herpetiformis with IgA antibodies against TG2 and TG3. The results indicates IgA antibodies to TG3 are elevated in patients with DH and adults with Celiac disease.
Gadoth A, Nefussy B, Bleiberg M, Klein T, Artman I, Drory VE. Transglutaminase 6 Antibodies in the Serum of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
The Study to evaluate the prevalence of celiac disease-related antibodies and HLA antigen alleles, as well as TG6 antibodies, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy individuals serving as controls to determine whether a neurologic presentation of a gluten-related disorder mimicking ALS might occur in some patients. The result indicates certain cases, an ALS syndrome might be associated with autoimmunity and gluten sensitivity and also study indicates gluten sensitivity is potentially treatable with strict gluten free diet.
tTG/DGP Complex Panel
Margherita Di Pisa et.al. Synthetic Peptides Reproducing Tissue TransglutaminaseGliadin Complex Neoepitopes as Probes for Antibody Detection in Celiac Disease Patients’ Sera.
Sera from 48 CD patients were collected at the diagnosis before gluten-free diet (39 females, 9 males; age range 2.252 years). Two of 48 (4%) CD patients presented IgA deficiency. Analysis of patients’ subgroups established a possible clinical correlation not detected by established tests. These observations indicate that a neoepitope may be formed in CD patients’ sera under in vivo physiological conditions,by a covalent cross-link between tTG and deamidated gliadin peptides, and this neo-antigen may be specifically recognized by autoantibodies.
